WHAT DOES BIREFRINGENT CRYSTAL MEAN?

Electromagnetic radiation propagates by way of space with oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors alternating in sinusoidal patterns which can be perpendicular to one another also to the route of wave propagation. Because seen light-weight is composed of both electrical and magnetic elements, the velocity of light through a material is part

Radiation induced recharging of Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions in Ce and Nd doped yttrium-aluminium garnet crystals was observed. This result relies on the Ce3+ ion focus and the type of ionizing radiation.The effects display that the growth atmosphere tension has a more substantial affect on defect development compared to the crystal rotation fee. Furthermore